What was the history of Palestine between Biblical times and the modern era?
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Destruction of the Jewish Temple |
In 539 B.C. the Persians conquered the Babylonians. The Jewish Temple, destroyed by the Babylonians, was rebuilt (516 BC). Under Persian rule the Jewish state enjoyed considerable autonomy. Alexander the Great of Macedon, conquered the area in 333 BC His successors, the Ptolemies and Seleucids, contested for control. The attempt of the Seleucid Antiochus IV (Antiochus Epiphanes) to impose Hellenism brought a Jewish revolt under the Maccabees, who set up a new Jewish state in 142 BC The state lasted until 63 BC, when Pompey conquered the region for Rome.
At the time of Christ the Jewish state was ruled by puppet kings of the Romans, the Herods. When the Jews revolted in 66 AD, the Romans destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem (70 AD). The Bar Kokba revolt between 132 and 135 AD was also suppressed, Jericho and Bethlehem were destroyed, and the Jews were barred from Jerusalem. The Roman Emperor Hadrian determined to wipe out the identity of Israel-Judah-Judea. Therefore, he took the name Palastina and imposed it on all the Land of Israel. At the same time, he changed the name of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans killed many Jews and sold many more in slavery. Some of those who survived left the devastated country (and established Jewish communities throughout the Middle East) but there was never a complete abandonment of the Land of Israel. That is, there were always Jews and Jewish communities in Palestine, though the size and conditions of those communities fluctuated greatly.
When Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity (312), he took steps to elevate the status of Jerusalem and the city became a center of Christian pilgrimage. Constantine relaxed some restrictions on Jews, but renewed the prohibition on the residence of Jews in Jerusalem, permitting them to mourn for its destruction once a year, on the ninth day of the Hebrew month of Av.
Palestine over the next few centuries generally enjoyed peace and prosperity until it was conquered in 614 AD by the Persians. It was recovered briefly by the Byzantine Romans, but fell to the Muslim Arabs under caliph Umar by the year 640. During the Umayyad rule, the importance of Palestine as a holy place for Muslims was emphasized, but little was done to develop the region economically. Few Arabs came to Palestine; the Muslim rulers ruled Christians and Jews.
In 691 the Dome of the Rock was erected on the site of the Temple of Solomon, which is claimed by Muslims to have been the halting station of Muhammad on his journey to heaven. Close to the Dome, the al Aqsa mosque was built. In 750, Palestine passed to the Abbasid caliphate, and this period was marked by unrest between factions that favored the Umayyads and those who preferred the new rulers.
In the 9th century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid dynasty, which had risen to power in North Africa. The Fatimids had many enemies – the Seljuks, Karmatians, Byzantines, and Bedouins – and Palestine became a battlefield. Under the Fatimid caliph al Hakim (996-1021), the Christians and Jews were harshly suppressed, and many churches were destroyed. In 1099, Palestine was captured by the Crusaders, establishing the Latin Kingdom. Jews were seen by the Crusaders as infidels, as bad as the Muslim occupiers of Jerusalem, and were slaughtered by Christian soldiers along their way to liberate Jerusalem and then thousands in the city when they got there. Following the first Crusade, a Papal Bull was issued in 1119 AD to reinforce St. Augustine’s earlier plea, in 427 AD, not to kill the Jews, but to allow them to wander the earth as evidence of their rejection by God.
By the time the Crusaders were defeated by Saladin at the battle of Hittin (1187), and the Latin Kingdom was ended, Palestine had become a wasteland. Mongol invaders who arrived in 1260 destroyed many of the villages. The Mamluks ended the Crusader period in 1291, but under Mamluk rule Palestine declined further. Mamluks burned and sacked towns and villages, uprooted orchards, and destroyed wells. In 1351, the Black Death was reported in Palestine and by 1500 the population had declined to barely 200,000 people. For comparison, the state of New Jersey, roughly comparable to Israel in size, had a 2001 population of about 8.5 million people and still had rural, undeveloped areas.
 Click for larger image. Map courtesy of Azanne Research. |
In 1516 the Mamluks were defeated by the Ottoman Turks. The first three centuries of Ottoman rule isolated Palestine from outside influence. The discovery of sea routes to the East began to erode the importance of the Middle East to commerce. In 1831, Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian viceroy nominally subject to the Ottoman sultan, occupied Palestine. Under him and his son the region was opened to European influence. Ottoman control was reasserted in 1840, but Western influence continued. The Ottoman tax system was ruinous and did much to keep the land underdeveloped and the population small. When Alexander W. Kinglake crossed the Jordan in 1834-35, he used the Jordan’s only bridge, a survival from Roman antiquity. Among the many European settlements established, the most significant in the long run were those of Jews, Russian Jews being the first to come (1882).It is important to note that there was a Jewish population in Palestine continuously. Even after the Jewish state was ended by the Romans, Jewish communities continued to exist. All of the successor governments tried to eliminate the Jews at one time or another, but none succeeded as numerous accounts testify over the centuries. When the Zionists started the modern “return” to Eretz Yisrael in the 19th Century, they were joining Jews who never left.In 1918, a Yiddish book by David BenGurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi,Eretz Yisrael in the Past and Present, was published in New York by the Poale Zion Palestine Committee. The authors note that long after the destruction of the Second Temple ? and even after the defeat of Shimon Bar Kokhba, leader of the Jewish revolt against the Romans in the second century C.E. ? large masses of Jews still tilled the soil of Eretz Yisrael.
In the wars and uprisings, many cities were ruined and many communities destroyed,but the farm population could not be wiped out so easily. Under foreign oppression, city dwellers ? the propertied and educated classes ? chose to leave their homes and migrate to freer countries such as Babylonia. The Jewish peasant, however, like peasants the world over, would not leave his land so quickly, for it was land developed by his sweat and that of his parents. |
The conclusion of the book contains historical facts that establish the “denationalizing” of Eretz Yisrael. The authors ask us to remember that after Bar Kokhba’s fall, “Rome and Byzantium held on to Palestine for 500 years (136 C.E. to 636 C.E.), but neither the Romans nor the Byzantines made Palestine their national homeland, an organic part of their national existence.” Likewise, the book says, the Arabs and Egyptians, who reigned over Palestine for about 880 years ? from 637 to 1517 ? “never had organic ties to the land.” During their rule, it continues, the cradle of Arab nationality remained in the great expanse of the Arab peninsula. And when it came to the Turks, who ruled from 15
17 to 1917, the authors tell us that they “were even less integrated into the country than the Arabs.” After a 400-year reign, Turkish culture and the Turkish language remained as foreign in Palestine as they were 400 years earlier.
“The denationalization of Eretz Yisrael resulted in a state of affairs where the country lay in ruins and desolation,” the book says. “And the land waits for the Jewish people to come and repair and restore its old home.”
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The pure seed of Jacob ( was later called Israel) will come up in the end. God will preserved it.We are not exactly sure of what the saying European origin, or babylonian origin,o soviet origin, these jews that are being scattered around the mediterenian or in other parts of the world are not all mixed races or shall we say Hybreed,We never know any way that some of them married the same race, These people of Israel has a capability creating a community of their own. In fact those Jews that has been persecuted in Europe they where together hand in hand as they were being chased and those survivor some able to come back to the promise land.Beside those who migrated from other country during the time of persecution, and dispersal was known to be educated and elite so they have the capacity to migrate, unlike those Jew that still remain on that land some of them are farmers and some belong to middle class below and they opted not to leave the land or the country.These people are intack, pure in their gene, belongs to the tribe of Judah. God knows how to deal with it. In revelation there are 144,000 Jews that will come out of Israel and these people are not european origin or any other origin but pure gene of Jacob. And the prophecy will be coming to past.
The land of Israel and Palastein were the occupation of the Canaanites who are the descendents of Canaan the grandson of Noah. Canaan tribes are the tribes cursed by God because Cam the son of Noah had seen the nakedness of his father Noah. They had occupied the land of palastein and other surrounding lands. But the Lord had kept this land prepared for the Israelites the descendents of Abraham. God promised Abraham that He will lead the people to the land of canaan and will deliver the land to the descendants of Abraham.(Genesis 12:7). Ishmael was born to Ahar who was an Egyptian and the hand maid of Sarah the wife of Abraham. The Egyptians are the Medianites (Genesis 37:27&28) who were of the descendants of Caanan the son of Cam. They were the various tribes who were cursed by God. They had settled in the land of Palastein. This land was in fact was prepared and kept by God for the descendents of Abraham. But it was illegally occupied by the various tribes which were cursed by God. But God told Moses “I have said said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt unto the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Hivites and the Jebusites, unto a land flowing with milk and honey.” Exodus 3:17). Now the question araises a to who are these Israelites calledas the children of God. The Bible is clear that these Israelites are the descendents of Abraham. The title Israelites came becauise they were teh descendents of Jacob the Son of Isaac and the Grand son of Abraham. Jacob was renamed as “Israel”(Genesis 35:10). 12 tribes came up from the 12 sons of Israel who were called as the Israelites. The descendants of these 12 tribes were also termed as God’s people. They all were born out of the seed of Isaac the son of Abraham. God did not recognise the descendants of Ishmael as they were born of the hand maid ‘Ahar’ though they were also the seed of Abraham. God made this very clear to Abraham saying “This (Ishmael) shall not be thine heir;but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowls (Isaac) shall be thine heir. In Genesis 22: 1&2 God commanded Abraham and said “Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac whom thou lovest”. Therefore the Israelites are the descendents of Isaac and no of Ishmael. Latter during the time of King Solomon the 12 tribes of Israelites were divided into two viz. the Israelites consisting of 10 tribes of Israel. The descendents of Judha the son of Jacob were called as the Judhas and they were given the land of Judhaea with Jerusalem as the capital. the remaining 10 tribes were given the remaining land of Palastein with Samaria as their capital. The 12 th decendants of Levi were called as the “levites” and they were given the job of the priests and they were in common to the israelites and the Jews. These Israelites were led by God through Moses to the land of Canaan i.e Palastein and the tribes who were illegally occupying the land were chased out by God’s strength. (Joshua chapter-24). But since these Israelites had committed sins during the time of the reign of Israel King Hosea these Israelites were handed over to the hands of King Shalmanesar the King of Assyrua who took the Israelites as slaves to Assyria and they were made to settle in Halah and HHabor by the rivers of Gozan and in the city of the Medes (2 Kings 17:6) Latter since the Jews also committed sins they were also taken as slaves during the time When King Jehoiakim ruled over the Jews in Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar the King of Babylon. King Shalmanesar had brought men of Babylon and from Cuthah and Sepharvaim and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel and they possessed Samaria and dwelt there and they feared not the Lord” (2 Kings 17 :24) This how the Muslim brothers came into the land of Palastein. But during the reign of the Persian king Cyrus He liberated the Jews from their 70 years of slavery and the Jews returned back to Judhaea and rebuilt the temple of Jerusalem. But again since they had committed sins of fornication and idol worship they were scattered into the various part of the world during the time of the reign of the reign of the Roman empire (BC 63 to AD 395) and also during the period of the reign of the Muslim rule (AD 638 – AD 1517) But the God had promised that He will gather all his people the Israelites i.e the Israelites and the Jews as one tribe the Israelites unto the land of Canaan again, and a seperate ensign (flag) will be given to them (Isaiah 11:11&12). Accordingly Israel was declared as an independant nation and given a flag for the nation on 5th May 1948. The Israelites scattered throughout the world are now gathering in the land of Israel.
Si conoces la Biblia de verdad verás que los judíos descienden de Abrham,Issac y Jacob no de Ismael,porque Issac es el hijo de Abraham y Sara ,el hijo de la promesa.Ismael es hijo de Abrham y Agar ,sierva egipcia de Sara.
the story of the tribe of Israel who were ordered via the Prophet Musa(Moses) to conquer the land after they were liberated from Egypt….the Quran clearly mentions that they refused thus they broke Gods order and were left to wonder for another 40 years……Also we know in the bible it says that God will give the land to the seeds of Abraham, now we know that Ishmael was the father of the Jews but Isaac was the father of the Muslims which means that they can both lay hands to that plot of land…however something needs to be clarified here….both Isaac and Ishmael were first hand sons of Abraham therefore being of semetic origin, the majority of the jews in Israel are NOT of semetic origin but rather European Origin….this does not make them a semetic people and therefore renders their claims to Palestine as null and void…..the majority of the jews in Israel have their origins in Europe….the majority of the palestinians can trace their origins back to the canaanites…the first recorded tribe that were established in palestine
The Arabs were then in the Old testament, but they were Pagan worshipers, Jesus came in the 1st century, Islam came in the 7th Century. Abraham was a Muslim, Sara was a Muslim, Isaac was a Muslim, a promised seed, Since Abraham was a Muslim and Agar his maidservant was a Egyptian, how can Ishmael be a Jew, as he got Muslim and Egyptian blood. The promised Messiah, Jesus was a prophet, not God who became flesh, as prophecised by many prophets whom God spoke to directly. We need to know what God is saying and to whom was He speaking to, why was He giving the land to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and not to Ismael and his many other sons whom he had after Sara’s death. He gave them their portion, but the whole promise is for Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, he has chosen 12 tribes and named them clan by clan, and can Hamid confirm which clan the Muslims belong to? Hamid also argues that the Jews were not Semitic origin but rather European origin ,so the the Jews were in exile in Egypt and in Babylon, for 400 yrs and came back to their land, are they Egyptian and Babylonians origin? so if they are , then they are entitled to Egypt and Babylon, which is present day Iraq.
What a poor narration by Hammed by saying that Ishmael is the Father of the Jews and Isaac is the Father of the Muslims. It is the other way round. As long as God is taken out of the problem of Judah and Samaria (now Palestine as changed by the Roman Emperor Hadrian around 135 AD) there will never be peace in Palestine. We know as Bible Scholars that lasting peace will return to Palestine on the day Jesus lands on mount Olives close to Jerusalem with the raptured saints and angels to fight the on day battle of Amagedon and thereafter ride back to Jerusalem to begin building the millenial temple. IT WILL NEVE BE ANY OTHER WAY. I DO NOT EXPECT OUR MUSLIM BROTHERS TO BELIEVE THIS, BUT AT THE FULLNESS OF TIME, GOD WILL ESTABLISH HIS WILL OVER SAMARIA AND JUDAH AND INDEED THE WHOLE OF ‘PALESTINE’ AND THE JEWS WILL BE VINDICATED.
You people are God’s chosen people…That was the reason why,your coming back was,successful…